Boarding School and Land Allotment Eras 1879-1933
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1897
President Grover Cleveland sends new U.S. minister to Hawai’i to restore Queen Lili’uokalani to the throne
Recognizing the 1887 constitution, President Cleveland demands that the Queen be restored to the throne....Read More
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1898-1934
Establishment of the Institution for Insane Indians
Congress passes a bill creating the only “Institution for Insane Indians” in the United States....Read More
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1898
Boarding school epidemics sicken and kill many Native students
George Gregory, superintendent of Fort Hall Industrial Boarding School, writes a letter to the Commissioner...Read More
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1898
U.S. annexes Hawai’i and seizes lands
Simultaneously, an ethnocidal campaign is launched to outlaw traditional healing practices and forbid traditional healers...Read More
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1898
Army Medical Museum donates 2,000 crania to the U.S. National Museum
When the Army Surgeon General orders the collection of American Indian crania and remains for...Read More
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1898
Dissolution of tribal governments and communal land holdings
The Curtis Act of 1898, an amendment to the United States Dawes Act, results in...Read More
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1900
Native Hawaiians oppose U.S. illegal annexation
Nearly half of Native Hawaiians sign a petition to Congress opposing annexation of Hawai’i to...Read More
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1900
Organic Act of 1900 (Hawai’i)
Enacted two years after the U.S. annexation of Hawai’i, the Organic Act ensures the dominance...Read More
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1900
The Great Death and the Great Sickness: influenza and measles outbreak in Alaska
Known as the “Great Death” by Alaska Native survivors, the worldwide influenza epidemic, combined with...Read More
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1902
U.S. government removes mineral-rich lands from tribal control
The Department of the Interior removes all identified mineral-rich lands in Indian Country from the...Read More
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1902
U.S. courts appoint White American guardians over Indian minors' interests in allotment process
A class of grifters and thieves arise to swindle Native children out of lands in...Read More
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1902
Choctaws and Chickasaws remove White settlers from U.S.-designed tribal rolls
The U.S. government imposes its own version of government tribal membership lists for individual allotment...Read More
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1902
Choctaw, Muscogee Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw Nations in Indian Territory are terminated
Based on treaties and according to the Removal Act, the tribes had ceded territory in...Read More
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1903
Lone Wolf fights allotment policy
The Kiowa leader Lone Wolf fights allotment policy all the way to the Supreme Court...Read More
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1903-1905
Private trust companies attempt land dispossession in Indian Territory via Commission to the Five Tribes allotment resolutions
In 1903, the Commission to the Five Tribes proposes forbidding full-blood allottees to be accompanied...Read More
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1904
U.S. government renews prohibition of Sun Dance among Plains Indians
The prohibition of Sun Dance ceremonies is renewed by the U.S. government in 1904 and...Read More
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1904
U.S. government begins Lakota land allotments
“The creation and issuing of allotments began on the Pine Ridge Reservation in 1904, under...Read More
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1906
Burke Act amends Dawes Act
The Burke Act of 1906 requires the government to assess whether individuals are “competent and...Read More
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1907-1930s
Indians are murdered for land, oil, and timber in Oklahoma
Indians with oil income from their lands are declared “incompetent” by the courts and assigned...Read More
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1907
Timber barons create indentured servitude in Oklahoma
Timber barons are directly involved as Dawes allotment officials, determining blood quantum, land allotments, and...Read More
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1907
Indian Territory is abolished
Oklahoma is admitted as the 46th state of the United States.
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1907
President Theodore Roosevelt accelerates allotments and distribution of Indian lands
President Roosevelt appoints Francis Leupp as Indian Affairs Commissioner with the mandate to accelerate allotments....Read More
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1908
Restriction Act of 1908 defrauds Choctaw allottees
The Act removes restrictions on classes of allottees and transfers jurisdiction over administration of Indian...Read More
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1909-1911
U.S. government sells Choctaw timberland at the cheapest possible price
Not only are companies and private citizens defrauding the Choctaw of their land and timber,...Read More
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1910
18 million acres of tribal land stolen in Oklahoma
By 1910, more than 18 million acres of land are stolen by the U.S. government...Read More
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1910
Western reservations are opened up for sale
More than 30 reservations in the west are opened up for allotment and sale at...Read More
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1911
Charges of land fraud against the courts in Oklahoma
Charges against the courts themselves emerge by 1911, including exorbitant fees to administer estates of...Read More
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1911
“Last Massacre” (Nevada)
On February 26, 1911, an American posse kills eight Shoshone suspects and captures four children...Read More
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1912
Apache are forced to build Roosevelt Dam in Arizona
Apache workmen are chained at night so they will not run away from building the...Read More
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1912-1913
Department of Interior sells more “surplus” land in Choctaw/Chickasaw territory
Faiman-Silva (1988) notes that prospective purchasers could bid on as many tracts and as much...Read More