Sovereign Nation Era Ends 1800-1827
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1802
John Quincy Adams cites Manifest Destiny for land dispossession
“What is the right of the huntsman to the forest of a thousand miles over...Read More
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1804-1806
Sacagawea, 13-year-old Shoshone girl, is purchased by French Canadian fur trader
Over 25 years her senior, Toussaint Charbonneau obtains her through either trade, a gambling payoff,...Read More
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1805
Spanish massacre 115 Dine’ Indians (Arizona)
Spanish soldiers, led by Antonio Narbona, massacre 115 Indians (mostly women and children) in Canyon...Read More
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1810
Kamehameha I unifies Hawaiian Islands
Kamehameha I brings all of the Hawaiian Islands into one kingdom when King Kaumuali‘i cedes...Read More
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1813
President Jefferson supports extermination and genocide
In a letter on December 29, 1813, Thomas Jefferson writes: “This unfortunate race, whom we...Read More
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1813
Seminole villages invaded by Tennessee militia (Florida)
Andrew Jackson is one of the leaders to attack Seminole villages in Spanish territory of...Read More
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1813
Massacre at Tallushatchee (Tennessee)
Under General John Coffee, Tennessee troops attack an unsuspecting Muscogee town, killing 186 to 200...Read More
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1813
Battle of Horseshoe Bend; 20 million acres of Muscogee land seized
In retaliation for the Red Stick rebellion, over 5,000 U.S. forces led by Andrew Jackson...Read More
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1813
Hillabee Massacre of the Muscogee Creek (Alabama)
General White and his Tennessee troops launch a surprise attack on a Muscogee village, whose...Read More
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1813
Autossee Massacre of the Muscogee Creek (Alabama)
General Floyd of the Georgia militia attack a Muscogee town on the Tallapoosa River, massacring...Read More
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1813
Tecumseh is killed; his confederacy collapses
The U.S. continues to invade old northwest tribal lands north of Ohio and around Michigan....Read More
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1817-1818
Andrew Jackson leads assault on Seminole village; “First Seminole War” (Florida)
In lands still controlled by the Spanish, U.S. forces launch an attack and burn and...Read More
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1817
James Monroe is elected president
In his 1818 State of the Union address, Monroe states, “Experience has clearly demonstrated that...Read More
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1818
Creek resistance leader Josiah Francis killed
Andrew Jackson kills Josiah Francis, who had accompanied Tecumseh in visiting the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee,...Read More
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1820
American missionaries and traders come to Hawai’i
American traders dominate the sandalwood trade. Missionaries focus on Christianizing the Hawaiian elite. Queen Ka‘ahumanu,...Read More
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1821
California becomes a Mexican state
As Mexico declares independence from Spain, Mexico welcomes American colonists and gives them “free” land...Read More
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1821
U.S. takes possession of Florida
The U.S. takes possession of Florida, having acquired the territory from Spain through the Adams-Onis...Read More
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1823
Skull Creek Massacre of Karankawa (Texas)
In retaliation for the killing of two colonists by Indians, colonists retaliate against an unrelated...Read More
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1823
Supreme Court cites Doctrine of Discovery, rules American Indians do not own land
The Supreme Court decides the first of three major cases (the Marshall Trilogy) that set...Read More
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1823-1839
Scientists conclude Natives are intellectually deficient and not civilizable
Physician Samuel George Morton, founder of physical anthropology in the U.S., actively solicits skulls and...Read More
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1824
Fall Creek Massacre of Seneca (Indiana)
Settlers rob and kill eight Seneca. Three of the six settlers are found guilty and...Read More
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1824
Missionary boarding schools established in Hawai’i
Missionaries are the first to introduce western-style formal schooling targeting adults and, later, children through...Read More
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1825
Creek lands are ceded via an illegal treaty (Georgia, Alabama)
William McIntosh, a Creek chief, accepts a $25,000 bribe to sign a treaty ceding all...Read More
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1826
Dressing Point Massacre of Karankawa Tribe (Texas)
A posse of American Texas settlers massacre 40 to 50 Karankawa near the mouth of...Read More
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1828
State of Georgia illegally extends state jurisdiction over Cherokee
Georgia creates state laws to take Cherokee lands and attempts a break-up of the Cherokee...Read More