Indian Removal Era Begins 1828-1849
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1829
Gold discovered in Cherokee territory and lands
In violation of Cherokee treaties, thousands of American settlers invade and trespass onto Cherokee lands....Read More
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1830
“Great Death” smallpox epidemic in Alaska
A horrific smallpox epidemic strikes Alaska in the 1830s, virtually wiping out whole villages. In...Read More
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1830
Christianity is enforced and cultural practices banned in Hawai’i
Queen Ka’ahumanu, wife of Kamehameha I and regent after his death, adopts Christianity and enforces...Read More
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1832
“Black Hawk War” and massacre of the Sauk
Black Hawk, a Sauk Chief, returns to his territory for corn planting season, only to...Read More
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1832-1836
Muscogee (Creek) forced to surrender lands in Alabama
The U.S. steps up efforts to coerce Creek chiefs to sign a treaty for their...Read More
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1832
Sauk massacre at “Battle of Bad Axe” (Wisconsin)
General Henry Atkinson’s volunteer army, along with allied Dakota, murder 150 Fox and Sauk men,...Read More
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1832
President Jackson defies law and initiates Cherokee removal
President Jackson ignores the Supreme Court decision to treat tribes as nations and initiates the...Read More
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1832-1834
Unauthorized signing of Treaty of Payne’s Landing for Seminole removal
At a meeting at Payne’s Landing on the Ocklawaha River, a treaty is negotiated among...Read More
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1833
State of Georgia illegally seizes Cherokee lands and property
The State of Georgia declares Cherokee ownership of land and property illegal, and Georgia officials...Read More
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1834
Muscogee Creek forced out of Alabama
Under the U.S. Department of War, Muscogee are removed from their lands in Alabama to...Read More
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1835
First permanent sugar plantation established in Hawaii
In Kaua’i, William Hooper leases 980 acres of land from Kamehameha III. Within less than...Read More
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1835
Choctaw in Mississippi are attacked and driven from homes
More than 7,000 Choctaw refuse to move and stay in Mississippi under the terms of...Read More
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1835+
Scalp hunting in Southwest proves profitable
The profitability of scalping skyrockets in Chihuahua when they enact a scalping law and graded...Read More
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1836-1837
Creek Trail of Tears
At the end of the Creek War “about 2,500 Creeks, including several hundred chained warriors,...Read More
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1837
Chickasaw Trail of Tears
The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the Chickasaw from their homelands in Mississippi, Kentucky,...Read More
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1837
Massacre of Miwok Tribe/Amador Massacre (California)
Under the command of Jose Maria Amador, Mexican colonists in northern California attack a peaceful...Read More
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1837
Johnson Massacre of Apaches (New Mexico)
The government offers 100 pesos (equivalent to one American dollar) for the scalps of Native...Read More
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1838
Cherokee Trail of Tears
The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes approximately 16,000 Cherokee to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Cherokee...Read More
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1839
Missionaries establish first English-only school in Hawai’i
The Royal School is established as the first private English school in Hawai’i with the...Read More
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1840
Clear Lake Massacre of Pomo and Wappo Tribes (California)
Mexican settler Salvador Vallejo and his posse massacre over 150 Pomo and Wappo Indians in...Read More
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1840
Red Fork Massacre of Comanche Tribe (Texas)
Under Colonel Moore, the Texas Volunteer Rangers massacre over 140 Comanche men, women, and children...Read More
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1841
Massacre and scalp bounty run on Comanche Indians
Four Comanche Indians are murdered and scalped by Major Mark Lewis and his men to...Read More
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1842-1850s
Russian-American Company forces medical treatment on Alaska Native women
Russian traders had forced Alaska Native women into prostitution. When syphilis spreads in the New...Read More
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1842
Seneca Nation is removed to reservations
Seneca Indians are moved to the Allegheny and Cattaraugus reservations.
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1845-1848
Series of epidemics kill Native Hawaiians
Successive epidemics of influenza, measles, and whooping cough kill more than 10,000 Native Hawaiians (Native...Read More
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1846
Massacre of Wintun Tribe (northern California)
Kit Carson and Captain Fremont and his posse massacre a band of 200 Wintun Indians...Read More
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1846
Massacre of Klamath Tribe village (California)
Kit Carson and Captain Fremont and his posse massacre 14 Klamath residing on the banks...Read More
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1846
Sutter Buttes massacre of Patwin Tribe (California)
Several Patwin people living in a rancheria near the Sacramento River are murdered by Captain...Read More
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1847
Taos Pueblo uprising and subsequent massacre (New Mexico)
Taos Pueblo revolt and defeat U.S. rule in their territory, present-day northern New Mexico. In...Read More
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1847
Konkow Maidu slaver massacre (California)
Slavers abduct 30 members of the Konkow Maidu for forced slavery and, in the process,...Read More