Boarding School and Land Allotment Eras 1879-1933
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1880s
American traders along Arctic shore introduce alcohol and guns, disrupting Alaska Native lifeways
American traders settling along the Arctic shore hire Native whalers and introduce alcohol and guns,...Read More
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1882
The U.S. Navy shells and destroys Tlingit villages
Following the death of a Tlingit leader employed by a whaling company, Tlingit villagers take...Read More
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1887
Indian Affairs Commissioner bans Native languages in schools
By order of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, J.D.C. Atkins, Native languages are banned from...Read More
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1887
Plantation owners force King Kalakaua to sign the Bayonet Constitution
All White, American non-Hawaiian merchants and businessman, dubbing themselves the Hawaiian League, form to protect...Read More
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1889
First Oklahoma Land Rush
The Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) had been set aside in the Indian Removal Act of...Read More
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1890
Native population plunges to all-time low
“The 1890 census records 237,196 Native people -- a decrease of approximately 95 percent from...Read More
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1890
White businessmen plan for annexation of Hawai’i
Congress passes a tariff that shrinks market advantages for Hawaiian sugar producers and, as a...Read More
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1890
Massacre at Wounded Knee
Upon hearing about Sitting Bull’s death, Chief Big Foot decides to move his band to...Read More
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1890
Stronghold Massacre of Lakota (South Dakota)
Seventy-five Lakota are ambushed and killed by South Dakota Home Guard militiamen at the Stronghold,...Read More
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1890
Buffalo Gap murder of Lakota visiting White friend (South Dakota)
“Several wagonloads” of Lakota are murdered by South Dakota militiamen when they visit the home...Read More
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1890
Native Hawaiians are decimated by introduction of foreign diseases
Diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, smallpox, measles, leprosy, and typhoid fever from the time...Read More
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1892
Chiricahua Apaches and Geronimo are imprisoned without due process
Geronimo and Apaches are transferred from a Florida prison to Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama...Read More
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1893
Committee of Safety: White planters and businessman illegally overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy
Haole businessmen plot with U.S. Minister to Hawai’i John L. Stevens to overthrow Queen Lili’uokalani,...Read More
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1893
Indian remains continue to be looted from ancient burial sites
Warren K. Moorehead ships hundreds of remains to Chicago for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition...Read More
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1894
Geronimo and Apaches are disallowed a return to their homelands
Apaches are supposed to be allowed to return to their homelands. However, they are met...Read More
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1896
Captured Indians are used as “living specimens” for study
Arctic explorer Robert E. Peary brings “living specimens” of Alaska and Greenland Indigenous peoples to...Read More
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1896
Hawaiian language is restricted in public and private schools
In 1896, haole lawmakers implement an “English only” policy for both public and private schools,...Read More
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1898-1934
Establishment of the Institution for Insane Indians
Congress passes a bill creating the only “Institution for Insane Indians” in the United States....Read More
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1898
Boarding school epidemics sicken and kill many Native students
George Gregory, superintendent of Fort Hall Industrial Boarding School, writes a letter to the Commissioner...Read More
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1898
U.S. annexes Hawai’i and seizes lands
Simultaneously, an ethnocidal campaign is launched to outlaw traditional healing practices and forbid traditional healers...Read More
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1898
Army Medical Museum donates 2,000 crania to the U.S. National Museum
When the Army Surgeon General orders the collection of American Indian crania and remains for...Read More
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1898
Dissolution of tribal governments and communal land holdings
The Curtis Act of 1898, an amendment to the United States Dawes Act, results in...Read More
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1900
The Great Death and the Great Sickness: influenza and measles outbreak in Alaska
Known as the “Great Death” by Alaska Native survivors, the worldwide influenza epidemic, combined with...Read More
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1903-1905
Private trust companies attempt land dispossession in Indian Territory via Commission to the Five Tribes allotment resolutions
In 1903, the Commission to the Five Tribes proposes forbidding full-blood allottees to be accompanied...Read More
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1904
U.S. government renews prohibition of Sun Dance among Plains Indians
The prohibition of Sun Dance ceremonies is renewed by the U.S. government in 1904 and...Read More
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1904
U.S. government begins Lakota land allotments
“The creation and issuing of allotments began on the Pine Ridge Reservation in 1904, under...Read More
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1907
President Theodore Roosevelt accelerates allotments and distribution of Indian lands
President Roosevelt appoints Francis Leupp as Indian Affairs Commissioner with the mandate to accelerate allotments....Read More
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1907
Timber barons create indentured servitude in Oklahoma
Timber barons are directly involved as Dawes allotment officials, determining blood quantum, land allotments, and...Read More
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1907-1930s
Indians are murdered for land, oil, and timber in Oklahoma
Indians with oil income from their lands are declared “incompetent” by the courts and assigned...Read More
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1909-1911
U.S. government sells Choctaw timberland at the cheapest possible price
Not only are companies and private citizens defrauding the Choctaw of their land and timber,...Read More