Sovereign Nation Era Ends 1800-1827

1825

Creek lands are ceded via an illegal treaty (Georgia, Alabama)

William McIntosh. Image: Charles Bird King
William McIntosh. Image: Charles Bird King

William McIntosh, a Creek chief, accepts a $25,000 bribe to sign a treaty ceding all Creek lands in Georgia and parts of Alabama. The Creek council orders McIntosh killed for this treasonous act. President John Quincy Adams does not accept the treaty but negotiates a similar one (Nies, 1996).

Traumatic Event