Chief Joseph of the Nimiipuu (Nez Perce) and other non-Treaty Nimiipuu resist government efforts to remove them onto a reservation based on the illegally ceded lands and the “Thief Treaty.” In 1877, in an attempt to avoid war, he and his band meet with American leaders and troops. A small altercation breaks out among the young warriors and troops and Chief Joseph sends a team riding with a white truce flag to the U.S. troops, but the Nimiipuu team are shot and killed and a full-scale battle ensues. General Sherman said the Nimiipuu assault and subsequent series of battles was one of the “most extraordinary Indian wars of which there is any record.” (Nies, 1996, p. 287). Chief Joseph and his 750 warriors outwit over 3,000 soldiers for almost four months across 1,400 miles (present-day Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana), so much so that his military acumen and strategy are still studied at West Point today (Nies, 1996). U.S. troops eventually stop the campaign 40 miles short of the Canadian border and Joseph surrenders under terms negotiated with General Nelson Miles via telegraph to safely allow the Nimiipuu to return to their homelands in Idaho. However, General Sherman ignores the terms and instead sends Joseph and his band to prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and then on to Oklahoma, where they remain for eight years as prisoners of war. They are not allowed to return to the Pacific Northwest until 1885 (Nies, 1996).